在尚未解决反事实解释的挑战中（CE），存在稳定性，各种CE的综合以及缺乏合理性/稀疏性保证。从更实用的角度来看，最近的研究表明，规定的反事实回复通常并非完全由个人实现，并证明大多数最先进的CE算法在这种嘈杂的环境中很可能会失败。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一个概率框架，为每个观察结果提供了稀疏的本地反事实规则：我们提供的规则可以提供一系列可以用给定的高概率改变决策的价值观，而不是给出不同的CE。此外，通过构造从这些规则中得出的回报是可靠的。这些本地规则被汇总为区域反事实规则，以确保跨观察结果的反事实解释的稳定性。我们的本地和区域规则保证了recourse忠实于数据分布，因为我们的规则使用一致的估计器对基于随机森林的决定的概率进行了始终如一的估计。此外，当我们选择具有更改决策概率的最小变量时，这些概率给出了可解释和稀疏的规则。可以使用计算反事实规则的代码，我们将其相关性与标准CE和最近的类似尝试进行比较。

为了解释任何模型的决定，我们延长了概率充分解释（P-SE）的概念。对于每个实例，该方法选择足以产生具有高概率的相同预测的最小特征子集，同时删除其他特征。 P-SE的关键是计算保持相同预测的条件概率。因此，我们通过随机林为任何数据$（\ boldsymbol {x}，y）$，并通过理论分析来介绍这种概率的准确和快速估计器，并通过理论分析来展示其一致性的理论分析。结果，我们将P-SE扩展到回归问题。此外，我们处理非二进制特征，而无需学习$ x $的分发，也不会使模型进行预测。最后，我们基于P-SE介绍基于数分的回归/分类的解释，并比较我们的方法W.R.T其他可解释的AI方法。这些方法是公开可用作\ url {www.github.com/salimamoukou/acv00}的python包。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

通用数据模型解决了标准化电子健康记录（EHR）数据的许多挑战，但无法将其集成深度表型所需的资源。开放的生物学和生物医学本体论（OBO）铸造本体论提供了可用于生物学知识的语义计算表示，并能够整合多种生物医学数据。但是，将EHR数据映射到OBO Foundry本体论需要大量的手动策展和域专业知识。我们介绍了一个框架，用于将观察性医学成果合作伙伴关系（OMOP）标准词汇介绍给OBO铸造本体。使用此框架，我们制作了92,367条条件，8,615种药物成分和10,673个测量结果的映射。域专家验证了映射准确性，并且在24家医院进行检查时，映射覆盖了99％的条件和药物成分和68％的测量结果。最后，我们证明OMOP2OBO映射可以帮助系统地识别可能受益于基因检测的未诊断罕见病患者。

数据增强是自然语言处理（NLP）模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分，以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中，我们呈现NL-Cogmenter，这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架，它支持创建两个转换（对数据的修改）和过滤器（根据特定功能的数据拆分）。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器，用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构，Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用（\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter}）。

闭环大脑刺激是指捕获诸如脑电图（EEG）之类的神经生理学措施，迅速识别感兴趣的神经事件，并产生听觉，磁性或电刺激，从而精确地与大脑过程相互作用。这是一种基本神经科学的新方法，也许是临床应用，例如恢复降解记忆功能；但是，现有工具很昂贵，繁琐，并且具有有限的实验灵活性。在本文中，我们提出了Portiloop，这是一种基于深度学习的，便携式和低成本的闭环刺激系统，能够靶向特定的脑振荡。我们首先记录可以从市售组件构建的开放式软件实现。我们还提供了快速，轻巧的神经网络模型和探索算法，该算法自动优化了所需的脑振荡的模型超参数。最后，我们在实时睡眠主轴检测的具有挑战性的测试案例中验证了该技术，结果可与大规模在线数据注释主轴数据集（MODA；组共识）上的离线专家绩效相当。社区可以提供软件和计划，作为开放科学计划，旨在鼓励进一步开发并推动闭环神经科学研究。

Three main points: 1. Data Science (DS) will be increasingly important to heliophysics; 2. Methods of heliophysics science discovery will continually evolve, requiring the use of learning technologies [e.g., machine learning (ML)] that are applied rigorously and that are capable of supporting discovery; and 3. To grow with the pace of data, technology, and workforce changes, heliophysics requires a new approach to the representation of knowledge.

Image classification with small datasets has been an active research area in the recent past. However, as research in this scope is still in its infancy, two key ingredients are missing for ensuring reliable and truthful progress: a systematic and extensive overview of the state of the art, and a common benchmark to allow for objective comparisons between published methods. This article addresses both issues. First, we systematically organize and connect past studies to consolidate a community that is currently fragmented and scattered. Second, we propose a common benchmark that allows for an objective comparison of approaches. It consists of five datasets spanning various domains (e.g., natural images, medical imagery, satellite data) and data types (RGB, grayscale, multispectral). We use this benchmark to re-evaluate the standard cross-entropy baseline and ten existing methods published between 2017 and 2021 at renowned venues. Surprisingly, we find that thorough hyper-parameter tuning on held-out validation data results in a highly competitive baseline and highlights a stunted growth of performance over the years. Indeed, only a single specialized method dating back to 2019 clearly wins our benchmark and outperforms the baseline classifier.

The intersection of ground reaction forces in a small, point-like area above the center of mass has been observed in computer simulation models and human walking experiments. This intersection point is often called a virtual pivot point (VPP). With the VPP observed so ubiquitously, it is commonly assumed to provide postural stability for bipedal walking. In this study, we challenge this assumption by questioning if walking without a VPP is possible. Deriving gaits with a neuromuscular reflex model through multi-stage optimization, we found stable walking patterns that show no signs of the VPP-typical intersection of ground reaction forces. We, therefore, conclude that a VPP is not necessary for upright, stable walking. The non-VPP gaits found are stable and successfully rejected step-down perturbations, which indicates that a VPP is not primarily responsible for locomotion robustness or postural stability. However, a collision-based analysis indicates that non-VPP gaits increased the potential for collisions between the vectors of the center of mass velocity and ground reaction forces during walking, suggesting an increased mechanical cost of transport. Although our computer simulation results have yet to be confirmed through experimental studies, they already strongly challenge the existing explanation of the VPP's function and provide an alternative explanation.

Wearable sensors for measuring head kinematics can be noisy due to imperfect interfaces with the body. Mouthguards are used to measure head kinematics during impacts in traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies, but deviations from reference kinematics can still occur due to potential looseness. In this study, deep learning is used to compensate for the imperfect interface and improve measurement accuracy. A set of one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) models was developed to denoise mouthguard kinematics measurements along three spatial axes of linear acceleration and angular velocity. The denoised kinematics had significantly reduced errors compared to reference kinematics, and reduced errors in brain injury criteria and tissue strain and strain rate calculated via finite element modeling. The 1D-CNN models were also tested on an on-field dataset of college football impacts and a post-mortem human subject dataset, with similar denoising effects observed. The models can be used to improve detection of head impacts and TBI risk evaluation, and potentially extended to other sensors measuring kinematics.